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Ralam Formation
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Ralam Fm base reconstruction

Ralam Fm

Period: 
Ordovician

Age Interval: 
?Early Ordovician


Province: 
NW Himalaya Kumaun-Garhwal Tethyan Himalaya

Type Locality and Naming

Reference section: from Ralam Pass between Lissar and Gori valleys, Malla Johar area, Pithoragarh-Chamoli districts, Kumaun region. [Original Publication: Kumar, S., Singh, I.B., Singh, S.K. 1977. Lithostratigraphy, structure, depositional environment, palaeocurrent and trace fossils of the Tethyan sediments of Malla Johar area, Pithoragarh-Chamoli districts, Uttar Pradesh, India. Jour. Pal. Soc. India, 20, 396-435]

Synonyms: Heim and Ganser, 1939 “Ralam Series”; Kumar et al., 1977 “Ralam Formation”

[Figure 1: Location of the Kumaun-Garhwal region (from Celerier et al., GSA Bull 2009)]

[Figure 2: Geologic map of the Kumaun-Garhwal region (from Celerier et al., GSA Bull 2009)]


Lithology and Thickness

Conglomerate and sandstone. Comprises basal conglomerate and upper quartzitic beds. 400-800 m thick. Thickness progressively decreases towards NW direction towards Kali valley in Kumaun region.


Lithology Pattern: 
Coarse-grained sandstone


Relationships and Distribution

Lower contact

Unconformable with the underlying Milam Fm. Angular discordance.

Upper contact

Conformably overlain by the Garbyang Fm.

Regional extent

Kumaun to Garhwal regions


GeoJSON

{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"MultiPolygon","coordinates":[[[[78.73,31.7],[78.26,31.55],[77.84,31.52],[77.46,31.22],[77.11,31],[77.45,30.5],[78.13,30.46],[78.45,30.08],[78.96,29.85],[79.47,29.63],[79.85,29.06],[80.21,29.3],[80.41,29.85],[80.77,30.13],[80.59,30.43],[79.71,30.8],[79.11,31.3],[78.71,31.44],[78.73,31.7]]]]}}

Fossils

None


Age 

?Early Ordovician.

Age Span: 

    Beginning stage: 
Lochkovian

    Fraction up in beginning stage: 
0.0

    Beginning date (Ma): 
419.00

    Ending stage: 
Floian

    Fraction up in the ending stage: 
1.0

    Ending date (Ma):  
471.26

Depositional setting

Fluvio-marine deltaic environment (Shankar et al., 1989, Mamgain and Misra, 1988; Jamwal et al., 1990 ; Kumar et al, 1977)


Depositional pattern:  


Additional Information


Compiler:  

Birendra Singh & O.N. Bhargava.